Drug Formulation & Protocol Selection
VASOPRESSOR / INOTROPEInfusion Parameters
Step 1 & 2Critical Dose Limit Warning
Current dosage parameter exceeds safe hospital clinical guidelines. Monitor patient ECG and telemetry continuously.
1. Final Bag Concentration Formulation
Converts the drug mass in the diluent bag (mg to mcg if needed) and divides by total solution volume (mL).
2. Mechanical Infusion Flow Rate (mL/hr)
For weight-based drugs, multiplies prescribed dose by patient weight (kg) × 60 min, divided by the concentration.
3. Gravity Drip Rate (gtts/min)
Essential during emergency transport or power failure when electrical smart pumps are unavailable.
Scenario 1: Septic Shock Resuscitation
Clinical BriefManage a 70 kg patient in severe septic shock refractory to 30 mL/kg crystalloids. Goal: Maintain Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) between 65 - 75 mmHg using Norepinephrine. Note: Vasoactive catecholamines require central line access to prevent peripheral extravasation necrosis.
- 1. Launch 60-second OSCE challenge session
- 2. Switch vascular access to Central Venous Catheter
- 3. Configure bag and initiate Smart Pump infusion
- 4. Titrate dose until target MAP is maintained for 15s
You have 60 seconds to evaluate the patient, verify vascular access, configure the smart infusion pump, and stabilize vital signs within the target therapeutic window.
High-Alert ICU Infusion Reference Compendium
Standardized concentrations, therapeutic dosing windows, vascular access rules, and extravasation safety protocols.
| Medication & Brand | Clinical Indication | Standard Concentration | Therapeutic Titration Range | Access Route | Critical Clinical Pearls & Antidotes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norepinephrine Levophed |
1st-line in Septic & Distributive Shock | 4 mg / 250 mL D5W (16 mcg/mL) |
0.02 - 1.0 mcg/kg/min Target MAP ≥ 65 |
Central Line | Extravasation causes severe ischemic necrosis. Antidote: Phentolamine 5-10 mg intradermal. |
| Epinephrine Adrenaline |
Anaphylactic Shock, ACLS, Severe Bradycardia | 4 mg / 250 mL D5W/NS (16 mcg/mL) |
0.01 - 0.5 mcg/kg/min 1 - 10 mcg/min non-weight |
Central Preferred | Potent inotrope + vasopressor. Monitor for transient hyperlactatemia and tachyarrhythmias. |
| Vasopressin Pitressin |
Refractory Vasodilatory Shock (Sepsis) | 20 units / 100 mL NS (0.2 units/mL) |
Fixed 0.03 - 0.04 units/min Do NOT titrate rapidly |
Central Line | Pure V1 vasoconstrictor without beta-1 chronotropy. Sparing effect on norepinephrine. |
| Dopamine Inotropin |
Cardiogenic Shock with Bradycardia | 400 mg / 250 mL D5W (1600 mcg/mL) |
Low: 1-3 • Med: 5-10 • High: 10-20 mcg/kg/min |
Central Line | Dose-dependent receptors (DA → Beta-1 → Alpha-1). High tachyarrhythmia risk vs norepinephrine. |
| Dobutamine Dobutrex |
Cardiogenic Shock & Severe Acute Decompensated HF | 250 mg / 250 mL D5W (1000 mcg/mL) |
2.5 - 20 mcg/kg/min Inotropic titration |
Peripheral / Central | Beta-1 inotrope with mild beta-2 vasodilation. Can provoke hypotension if patient is hypovolemic. |
| Nitroglycerin Tridil |
Acute Coronary Syndrome & Flash Pulmonary Edema | 50 mg / 250 mL D5W (200 mcg/mL) |
5 - 200 mcg/min Titrate q5min by 5-10 mcg |
Non-PVC Glass/Poly | Venodilator reducing preload. Contraindicated if PDE-5 inhibitors (Sildenafil) taken in past 24-48h. |
| Sodium Nitroprusside Nitropress |
Severe Hypertensive Crisis & Aortic Dissection | 50 mg / 250 mL D5W (200 mcg/mL) |
0.3 - 10 mcg/kg/min Max <2 mcg/kg/min prolonged |
Arterial Line Req. | Arterial + venous dilator. Cyanide / Thiocyanate toxicity risk. Bag must be light-shielded. |
| Esmolol Brevibloc |
Aortic Dissection, SVT, Post-Op Hypertension | 2500 mg / 250 mL NS (10 mg/mL) |
50 - 300 mcg/kg/min Ultra-short t1/2: 9 min |
Central Preferred | Cardioselective beta-1 blocker. Rapid onset/offset. First-line for rate control in acute type A/B dissection. |
| Amiodarone Cordarone |
Refractory VT / VF & Atrial Fibrillation | 150 mg bolus, then 900 mg / 500 mL D5W | 1 mg/min × 6h, then 0.5 mg/min × 18h Total 1000 mg/24h |
In-line Filter Req. | Peripheral line can cause severe phlebitis if >2 mg/mL. Monitor for QTc prolongation and bradycardia. |
| Propofol Diprivan |
Mechanical Ventilation Sedation | 1000 mg / 100 mL (1% emulsion) (10 mg/mL) |
5 - 50 mcg/kg/min RASS target -1 to -2 |
Dedicated Lumen | Monitor triglycerides and serum lactate for Propofol Infusion Syndrome (PRIS). 1.1 kcal/mL lipid calories. |
| Dexmedetomidine Precedex |
Light ICU Sedation without Respiratory Depression | 200 mcg / 50 mL NS (4 mcg/mL) |
0.2 - 1.4 mcg/kg/hr No loading bolus in ICU |
Peripheral / Central | Selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonist. Patient remains easily arousable. Watch for sinus bradycardia. |
| Regular Insulin Humulin R |
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) & HHS | 100 units / 100 mL NS (1 unit/mL) |
0.1 units/kg/hr Target glucose fall 50-75 mg/dL/hr |
Priming required | NEVER initiate insulin if serum K+ < 3.3 mEq/L! Add dextrose (D5W) when BG reaches 200-250 mg/dL. |
| Heparin Sodium | PE, DVT, Acute Coronary Syndrome (NSTEMI/STEMI) | 25,000 units / 250 mL D5W/NS (100 units/mL) |
12 - 18 units/kg/hr aPTT protocol titration (1.5-2.5x) |
Dedicated Line | Monitor platelet count for HIT (Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia). Antidote: Protamine Sulfate. |
| Fentanyl Sublimaze |
Continuous ICU Analgesia & Sedation Adjunct | 1000 mcg / 100 mL NS (10 mcg/mL) |
25 - 200 mcg/hr (0.5 - 2.0 mcg/kg/hr) |
Dedicated Line | Lipophilic opioid, accumulates in adipose tissue over prolonged infusions prolonging emergence. |